"The Road to 1914–The War The Ended Peace" by Margaret MacMillan.
A stunning book.
After reading it I'm left with the feeling that if the caused of WWII could be likened to a kids puzzle of about 6 pieces, the causes of WWI would be like a puzzle of a 1,000 pieces.
So many twists and turns. And a multitude of players– far more players than the few that drove Europe into WWII.
I can't help but think that war it's offspring, WWII set Europe back for decades and doomed it to become a follower– It's leadership days long gone. Prior to WWI the pacifists were seeing Europe somewhat as it is today... Kind of one entity.
But it was the nationalists that drove the military buildup within each country. The result was no one was going to back down and IMO the alliance of France, Russia and the UK was set soon enough and said strongly enough to cause Germany to pull back on Austrio Hungary's leash.
While the assination of the Archduke set things into motion, there were about a half-dozen crisis and incidents that could have triggered a major war from 1905 on. That fuse was always there and came close to being lit more than once.
Part of the problem is that most took the idea of war as being too much of a good thing... They thought it would make their nation (fill in the name of any of the nations) and that the destruction would be limited because it would be a "short war".
Ha-ha-ha!
A few thought otherwise– they thought it would be a devasting war that would kill many and last a long time. Much of which was based on the power of then modern weapons and giving the defenders such an advantage that an offensive army would need overwhelming numbers to win– And neither side could muster that advantage for most of the war.
Those folks were few and far between. Most others thought the war would be over by Christmas 1914.
Ernest Shackleton, the explorer set off in 1914. When he came back to a whaling station in the spring of 1916 he asked who won the European was and was amazed to be told that it ws still going on.
Many of the leaders underestimated how much man-power the various nations could muster and funnel into the conflict. The result was for then, monsterous armies and countries went broke keeping those armies in the field. But still seeing how long Germany, Austro Hungary and Russia were able to "stay in the game" is eye-opeing.
Often overlooked as an igniter to the war was Germany's attack on Belgium. That pushed Great Britain over the edge and into committing. Without Belgium's stubborness at the very beginning and Great Britain jumping in, Germany may well have overwhelmed France.
I think if you were to blame one party for the war it would have been Germany. Austro-Hungary wouldn't have moved toware war with Serbia if it had not been given a "blank check" by Germany to do so.
The leaders of Germany such as the Kaiser seemed to want to play the "victim's card". "Oh we're surrounded by enemies so we need to keep our military on the readiness". "Oh we can't defend our sealanes so we need to be the equal of Great Britain's navy".
Germany was constantly itching to pitch into Russia. They, like Hitler later on, were scared of the resources Russia could muster once properly channeled. Germany felt that left unatended Russia would be too powerful to defeat by 1917 so they needed to initiate a war before then.
Germany was sneaky, with one leader hoping to persuade the United States to come in as an ally by promising Canada.
On top of this many of the participants had serious issues at home with variety of political and social issues– So the thought was a war would unite them.
What was left of Europe after 1918 was little more than tatters and enough hard feelings that another world war would be starting in 21 years.