The Pioneers and other books by Cooper were largely seen as sympathetic toward Native Americans and their struggles in the 1800s. Decades later, the word "Commander" began to take on a negative, increasingly violent connotation. Author L. Frank Baum, best known for his classic
The Wizard of Oz, celebrated the death of Sitting Bull and the massacre at Wounded Knee
with a pair of editorials calling for the extermination of all remaining Native Americans. In one of the December 1890 pieces, Baum wrote, "With his fall the nobility of the Commander is extinguished, and what few are left are a pack of whining curs who lick the hand that smites them."
At around the same time the word "Commander" was becoming a word with negative connotations, other Native American words and images were becoming increasingly popular symbols for sports teams. In
an article for the North Dakota Law Review, J. Gordon Hylton found that team owners frequently began using words with indigenous connections in the 1850s. "Native American names appear to have been chosen to emphasize the 'Americanness' of the team and its patriotic character," writes Hylton, without noting that at the same time popular culture was relegating Native Americans to the foreign and the extreme.
While Cooper's portrayal of Native Americans in books like
The Pioneers was sympathetic, the portrayal of Indians created a backlash of sorts. In 1915, the poet Earl Emmons released Commander Rimes, a book so offensive I had to double-check to make sure it wasn't a parody of the racism of that era. Emmons makes his intentions clear in the introduction of the work: "Those persons who got their idea of the Indian from Mr. Cooper have pictured him as an injured innocent. ... Those persons have acquired the wrong idea of the maroon brother." That introduction kicks off a series of poems, songs and speeches, each more offensive than the last.
Emmons' book was emblematic of the usage of the word "Commanders" in the late 1800s and early 1900s, as the word went from being an identifying term to a derogatory slur. By the 1910s, it wasn't uncommon for filmgoers to encounter it, with the word frequently popping up in the titles of American Westerns.
The
hit film Commander (1929) was notable for two reasons: first, that it was one of the first films to use Technicolor; and secondly, that the script was surprisingly sympathetic toward its main character, a Navajo Indian who is constantly harassed because of his race. The portrayal of Native Americans in
Commander was very much ahead of its time — other films that used the word portrayed the culture as primitive and war-hungry. The 1932
Tom and Jerry cartoon "Commander Blues" follows the beloved characters as they are attacked by Indians, surviving after they are rescued by the U.S. Army